AAUs + CERs + ERUs + RMUs + ECs + VERs = Compliance & Trading opportunities
| | The International Emissions Trading (IET) and The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) are cap and trade programs that specify the level of emission reductions, the deadlines, and methodologies that signatory countries are to achieve. Each government can allocate parts of their Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) to individual companies or sectors; these are termed Emissions Rights, Emissions Quota or Emission Allowances. When a company emits less than it is allocated, that company can trade the surplus of emission rights to other companies, that have a shortage of rights or on the market.
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| | The CDM is a project-based emission reduction programe designed to meet two main objectives: to address the sustainable development needs of the host country, and to increase the opportunities available to parties (developed countries) to meet their reduction commitments. CDM reductions are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). The only emission reduction credits that may be used to offset emissions or banked throughout phase 1 and phase 2 of the EU ETS are CERs arising from CDM projects.
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| | JI is a project-based mechanism developed under the Kyoto Protocol, designed to assist developed countries in meeting their emission reduction targets through joint projects with other developed countries, meaning that JI projects can only be implemented between capped industrialised countries. One or more investors (governments, companies, funds, etc.) will agree with partners in a host country to participate in project activities which generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), in order to use them for compliance with targets under the Kyoto Protocol and the IET scheme. The EU ETS will introduce tradable ERUs in the second phase 2008-2010, at the moment they can only be banked.
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| | Removal Units (RMUs). These are emissions stored in forest projects and can be generated and traded under CDM or JI. The EU ETS applies a total restriction or bar on any RMUs, ERUs or CERs generated by projects based on Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry (LULUCF) activities at least for the 2005-2007 period.
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| | Emission Credits (ECs) are a special type of credit that can, in some national systems, be generated by a company or project developer through the implementation of an emission reduction or savings project, without having an emission obligation. This is the case in the UK. These ECs can be traded nationally and not automatically on the international market.
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| | Voluntary markets for emissions reductions that are not compliant with the Kyoto protocol, are available for sale to corporations and individuals who want to offset their emissions for non-regulatory purposes. Emission offsets in this latter category are verified by independent agents, but are not certified by a regulatory authority for use as a compliance instrument, and are commonly referred to as Verified Emission Reductions (VERs). These carry only the possibility, but not a guarantee, that governments will allow them to be applied against future emission reduction requirements. These so-called "verified emission reductions" (VERs) are not a standardized commodity. While they may eventually become CERs or ERUs, many of these reductions have no secondary market benefits outside of their embedded "green image value" or speculative value. |
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